Cilt:24 Sayı:02 (2018)

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A Comparative Study on Age Determination of Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Eğirdir Using Otolith, Vertebrae and Scale Counts
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Bolat, Yıldız; Yağcı, Abdülkadir; Ziraat Fakültesi
This study, a comparative age determination study was carried out between May and November of 2013 in order to estimate most reliable bony tissue for ageing of the common carp in Lake Eğirdir. A total of 78 specimens aged between 1 and 11 were used in the study, having weights between 191 and 8685 g and fork lengths between 19.5 and 76 cm. Scales, vertebrae and otoliths were used by one reader via 5 replicates for ageing. Highest agreement among the bony tissues was found in otoliths (10.67%) and most reliable bony tissue was determined as otoliths for age determination in Lake Eğirdir carps.
A Visual Assessment of Roadside Poplar Plantings in Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Eroğlu, Engin; Acar, Cengiz; Ziraat Fakültesi
Roadside plantings along urban and rural road corridors are designed to create visual effects as well as to provide functional benefits such as shading, screening or routing. Considering their potential for daily public use, roads and road corridors, as significant visual impact centers, can attract people’s attention and affect their points of view. Poplar species, which grow rapidly and easily along road corridors and can adapt to different ecological conditions swiftly, are used widely in both urban and rural landscapes in Turkey. The main objective of this study was to determine the visual structures dependent on the road-plant relationships of the poplar compositions that play an important role in shaping the roadside landscapes. For this purpose, compositions of poplar trees in selected urban and rural road corridors throughout Turkey were photographed and visual analysis techniques (VATs) were applied to determine visual preferences. Participants (n= 35) were shown 30 photographs, selected from the nearly 1000 taken, of road corridor poplar plantings and their evaluations were recorded in a questionnaire. In this survey, the people were requested to evaluate their appreciation levels towards the plantings as well as to express their other visual preferences and to assess visual quality. In addition, the association of all these evaluations with the demographic characteristics of the participants were determined. A correlation analysis was then performed to identify the relationships among all the visual assessments and a cluster analysis was conducted according to the visual status of the photographs in order to determine their groups. In the results of the study, the poplar trees, either individually or in the form of compositions, were reported to have a significant visual diversity. Moreover, the cluster analysis found the resulting three groups to be associated with leaf density, seasonal conditions and the trees as individuals or in groups. The seasonal variation factor in particular was shown to be visually effective in the poplar compositions. It was determined that visual perception of the poplar plantations differed in accordance with the demographic differences. This work established that poplar plantations as single trees or in groups and their proximity to the road altered visual preferences, and consequently, some suggestions were made concerning the use of poplars in roadside landscape planning.
Antiviral and Antifungal Activity of Biologically Active Recombinant Bouganin Protein from Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-05-01) Güller, Abdullah; Sipahioğlu, Hikmet Murat; Usta, Mustafa; Durak, Emre Demirer; Ziraat Fakültesi
Bouganin antiviral protein (BAP) gene, one of the ribosome inactivating proteins, isolated from Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. was cloned, expressed and the antiviral and antifungal activities were investigated. The full-length bouganin antiviral protein gene was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR using mRNA as template extracted from mature leaves. The coding region of bouganin gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pETDuet-1 after amplification with end to end gene specific primers. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli cells BL21(DE3)pLysS and the expression of BAP gene was induced by isopropyl β-D thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Bouganin antiviral protein having a molecular mass of 28 kDa has been isolated from transformed bacterial colonies. Antiviral activity of bouganin was assayed against Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) by a mechanical inoculation test. The antifungal activity of purified recombinant protein was tested against pathogenic and non-pathogenic Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma harzianum, and Fusarium oxysporum fungi using disc diffusion method. The increased amount of antiviral protein reduced the disease severity caused by ZYMV. The bouganin antiviral protein was inhibited the growth of R. solani by 30.7% and of T. harzianum by 20% after 72 h compared to control. No growth inhibition was observed for F. oxyporum. All plants including controls treated with in vitro expressed BAP protein exhibited severe growth reduction compared with negative control (not treated) plants.
Comparison of Hens Reared in Free-Range and Deep-Litter Systems in Terms of Certain Production Characteristics
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Türker, İsmail; Alkan, Sezai; Ziraat Fakültesi
The study was carried out compare the hens reared in free range system and deep-litter system in terms of certain production characteristics. A total of 300 Lohmann Brown hens, with 150 hens in each of the groups were used in the study. In the free range system, 4 m2 grazing ground was allocated for each hen. The hens were taken into research henhouse at 16 weeks of age and production characteristics were determined up to 52 weeks of age. It was determined that out of the characteristics focused in the study, there is no significant difference between the groups in terms of viability, 50% production age, egg weight, hen-day egg production, feed efficiency, feed consumption and body weight at 18 week of age, whereas there is a significant difference in terms of final body weight. In the study, it was concluded that hens in the deep-litter system gained more body weight compared to those in the free-range system but the other characteristics were not affected by the husbandry systems.
Effect of Humic Substance Applications on Mineral Nutrition and Yield of Granny Smith and Jersey Mac Apple Variet
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Cansu, Murat; Erdal, İbrahim; Ziraat Fakültesi
This study was conducted to examine the effect of soil, leaf and soil+leaf applications of humic substance on fruit yield, some quality parameters and mineral nutrition of Granny Smith and Jersey Mac apple varieties grafted on MM106 rootstock. The study was carried out for two consecutive years. According to the results obtained from both years, humic substance applications had no significant effect on fruit yield and quality parameters generally, but relative increases were recorded in yields. Leaf N, K, Ca, Fe and Zn concentrations were significantly affected from the applications. At the first year, humic substance application significantly affected only N and K concentrations of Jersey Mac variety, but in the second year, humic substance applications led to increase in leaf N, K, Ca, Fe and Zn concentrations in Granny Smith and N concentration in Jersey Mac apple variety. According to the results obtained, it can be said that the effects of humic substances were higher than the first year’s effects mostly.
Effect of Supplementation with Green and Black Tea on Microbiological Characteristics, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Drinking Yoghurt
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Ünal, Gülfem; Karagözlü, Cem; Kınık, Özer; Akan, Ecem; Akalın, Ayşe Sibel; Ziraat Fakültesi
The influence of supplementation with green and black tea on microbiological properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of drinking yoghurt were investigated during 21 days of storage. The samples supplemented with 2% either green or black tea had higher viable counts of both yoghurt starter bacteria than those of infused by the ratio of 4%. Both green and black tea extracts showed antimicrobial activity on E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus and C. albicans however this effect was detected higher in samples containing green tea. The samples added green tea extract had the highest DPPH scavenging activity when compared to those supplemented with black tea extract throughout the storage. Green tea had a superior effect than black tea in terms of total phenolic content of drinking yoghurt samples.
Effects of Kefir Powder Fortification on Yogurt Qual
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Bozova, Burcu; Taş, Tuba Kök; Seydim, Zeynep Güzel; Ziraat Fakültesi
The aim of this research was to improve functional properties and sensory of plain set type yogurt since yogurt bacteria have low probiotic properties. Total solid standardization (to 15% w v-1) of milks was made with either using natural kefir powder as a treatment group (KTYO) or milk powder as a control group (YKON). Kefir powder was produced with freeze-dried kefir made from kefir grains. Microbial, chemical, sensory and physical properties of yogurts were determined during cold storage. The attributes determined on the yogurts were pH, total solids, titratable acidity, whey separation, sensory properties, color parameters and flavor. Numbers of Lactobacillus spp. in yogurt samples contained either kefir powder or milk powder were similar and did not change significantly during cold storage. L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. contents of KTYO ranged between 5.79-6.93 log cfu g-1 and 4.05-4.83 log cfu g-1 during the cold storage, respectively. There was no significant reduction in the number of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. during the storage (P>0.05). In general, sensory properties of the YKON and KTYO were similar (P>0.05).
Effects of Ozone Treatment on the Degradation and Toxicity of Several Pesticides in Different Grou
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Velioğlu, Yakup Sedat; Ergen, Şeyda Fikirdeşici; Aksu, Pelin; Altındağ, Ahmet; Ziraat Fakültesi
The effects of ozone treatment on the degradation and toxicity of nine pesticides were determined with different chromatographic techniques, using bubbled ozone and distilled water and two different buffer solutions as test media. The toxicity experiments were performed using Daphnia magna, a cladoceran fresh water flea. The results revealed that thiacloprid and acetamiprid can only be degraded by ozonation to a limited extent (max 2.6%). The other seven pesticides were successfully degraded by ozone. The degradation rates (%) were found to be 93, 99, 95, 99, 87, 98, and 85 for fenazaquin, lambda cyhalothrin, azoxystrobin, chlorpyrifos, spiromesifen, clothianidin and thiamethoxam, respectively, after 5 minutes of ozone treatment in distilled water. The ozone treatment yielded reduced toxicity in fenazaquin, lambda cyhalothrin, azoxystrobin, chlorpyrifos and spiromesifen. However, the degradation products of clothianidin and thiamethoxam were found to be more toxic than the pesticide itself. In general, the use of buffer solutions has no significant effect on pesticide degradation compared to water as an ozonation medium.
Effects of Soil Application of Neem on Some Biological Characteristics of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Birgücü, Ali Kemal; Özger, Şenay; Pohl, Daniel; Karaca, İsmail; Ziraat Fakültesi
The study investigated the effect of soil application of neem at different concentrations on lifetable parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). After pepper seedlings were transplanted to pots of 1.5 L, the pepper plants had been divided into five different groups to be watered with only irrigation water (as control) and irrigation water containing 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg L-1 of neem. Based on the results, intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net production rate (R0) and mean generation time (T0) ranged from 0.039 to 0.352 female/female/day, 1.700 to 57.295 female/female and 11.503 to 15.086 days respectively. Doubling time (T2) and finite rate of increment (λ) ranged from 1.970 to 17.915 days and 1.039 to 1.422 individual/female/day, respectively. Consequently, the effect of neem on biological characters of the pest was increased in response to the increase in neem concentration applied systemically through plant root.
Effects of Waiting Period before Milking on Orotic, Uric and Hippuric Acid Contents of Milks from Shami and Kilis Goats
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Güler, Zehra; Keskin, Mahmut; Dursun, Ahmet; Gül, Sabri; Gündüz, Zühal; Önel, Süleyman Ercüment; Ziraat Fakültesi
The organic acids present in milk in varying quantities can reflect the health condition of the animals and the nutritional quality of milk. In rural areas, goats are maintained in pasture during whole day and milking is being started as soon as goats arrive to farm. However, it is not known whether milking during feeding as soon as goats return from pasture or after 1 hour-waiting have any effect on nitrogen-containing organic acids are the body metabolism products. Therefore, in this study we objected to determine the effects of 1 hour-waiting period before milking on orotic, uric and hippuric acids of milks from “Shami (Damascus)” and “Kilis” goat breeds during lactation period. The trial was carried out with 40 goats. The 20 goats from each breed were randomly separated to two groups at equal number. Control and experimental groups of the both breeds were milked during feeding as soon as goats return from pasture and after 1 hour-waiting following feeding, respectively. The milk samples taken with interval 30 days from May to October were used for organic acid analysis at a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. During lactation hippuric acid was the most abundant organic acid, followed by orotic and uric acids. Experimental group of Kilis goats had the highest level of hippuric acid. Orotic acid was higher in Shami goats than that in Kilis breed. Uric acid was the highest in control group of Shami breed. The 1 hour-waiting period before milking resulted in a significant decrease in uric acid. In general, orotic and uric acid decreased towards the end of lactation whereas hippuric acid markedly increased in the last 3 months of lactation. It was concluded that the 1 hour-waiting before milking after returning from pasture may be especially suggested to Shami goat raisers due to the low uric acid content of the milk.
Evaluating AquaCrop Model for Winter Wheat under Various Irrigation Conditions in Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Kale, Sema; Madenoğlu, Sevinç; Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi
Farming winter wheat in Central Anatolia of Turkey traditionally is rainfed. Crop yields are frequently affected in this region because of the drought events of varying severity. There is apparent necessary for an aim appraisal of the effect of dryness on this critical crop, to answer the contradiction whether irrigation is essential or not. For this reason the FAOAquaCrop (Ver.5.0) crop water productivity model was preferred to predict attainable yields of winter wheat (Triticum durum L.) under four different irrigation regimes. Field experiment was conducted under four different irrigation treatments in Central Anatolia Region of Turkey during 2008-2010. The AquaCrop was calibrated with 2008-2009 field data and model validation was performed using 2009-2010 data. Model simulation results showed that model simulates soil water content in root zone (SWC), canopy cover (CC), grain yield (GY) and aboveground biomass (BM) of wheat reasonably well. The average root mean square error (RMSE) between simulated and observed SWC, CC, GY and BM were 21.1 mm, 7.1%, 0.32 t ha-1 and 0.34 t ha-1. Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (EF) and index of Willmott (d) also were obtained 0.89 and 0.98 for CC, 0.74 and 0.93 for SWC, 0.98 and 0.92 for BM, 0.95 and 0.82 for GY. Model predicted canopy cover, grain yields and biomass with high accuracy while soil water content at 90 cm soil depth was estimated in the moderate accuracy. The results presented that AquaCrop model can be suggested as a convenient model for decisionmaking whether irrigating wheat is in the priority or not at the limited water resources areas
Examining of Relationships Among Traits Using Correlation, Path and Principal Components Analysis Methods in Turkish Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Kara, Nimet; Baydar, Hasan; Ziraat Fakültesi
Opium poppy is an important medicinal plant because of its very valuable pharmaceutical alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, and papaverine, etc. The research was carried out with the aim to examining the relationships between capsule yield, some other yield and quality traits by means of correlation, path and principal components analysis (PCA) in fifteen opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) cultivars registered in Turkey. The experiments were conducted designed according to a randomized complete block with three replications during 2012/13 and 2013/14 growing years in Isparta conditions. In the research, there were significant positive correlations between capsule yield and capsule width, and 1000 seed weight, while insignificant associations between capsule yield (non-seed) and seed yield, plant height, capsule number, capsule length, oil yield, and morphine content were determined. The significant and high negative correlation was determined between capsule yield with oil content. According to the path analysis, the highest positive direct effect on capsule yield was seed yield (48.202%), and the highest positive indirect effect on capsule yield was capsule width (47.877%) via seed yield. The ten PCA components (PC1 to PC10) created 90.09% of the total variation among traits in poppy cultivars. PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC4 with values of 52.0%, 16.9%, 11.8%, and 10.2%, respectively contributed to the total PCA value, and plant height, capsule width, capsule number, and 1000 seed weight were found to be effective components on the yield in PCA analysis. The bi-plot analysis showed that capsule number, capsule length, seed yield, and oil yield created the same group and plant height and capsule width were another group, and these characters showed stability for the cultivars. The according to the results of the correlation, path, and PCA, capsule width and 1000 seed weight were effective components on capsule and seed yields of the opium poppy. ysis
Multilevel Analysis for Repeated Measures Data in Lambs1
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Akkol, Suna; Karakuş, Ferda; Cengiz, Fırat; Ziraat Fakültesi
The study was conducted to compare the individual growth curves models and to detect individual differences in the growth rate by a performing multilevel analysis. The data set used for this purpose consisted of live weight records of 52 crossbred lambs from birth to 182 days of age. There were 670 observations in level-1 units which were the repeated measurements over time, and there were 52 observations in level-2 units which were lambs. In the study, parameter estimation of timeindependent covariate factors, such as gender, birth type and birth weight, was performed by using five different models within the framework of multilevel modeling. LRT, AIC and BIC were used for the selection of the best model. The “Conditional Quadratic Growth Model-B” provided the best fit to the data set. The multilevel analysis indicated that linear and quadratic growth in lambs was significant. According to the results of the study, individual growth curves can be investigated using multilevel modeling in animal studies which is an important parameter of the individual growth rate.
Physicochemical, Functional and Microbiological Properties of Hardaliye Beverages Produced from Different Grapes and Collected from Different Households
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Coşkun, Fatma; Arıcı, Muhammed; Gulcu, Mehmet; Çelikyurt, Gülnaz; Mırık, Mustafa; Ziraat Fakültesi
wenty-three hardaliye beverage samples were collected from different regions of Kirklareli city in Turkey and five hardaliye samples were produced under laboratory conditions according to traditional methods. Total phenolic compounds, monomeric anthocyanins (malvidin-3-glucoside), volatile acid, ethyl alcohol, total sugar contents, total acidity (lactic acid), pH, color values (L (brightness), a (red-green), b (yellow-blue)), total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mold and coliform counts were determined. Acidity between 0.38 and 0.91%, pH from 3.54 and 4.33, color (L.a.b.) values from 7.57 to 13.74, from 0.71 to 7.68, from 0.73 to 4.50, respectively were determined. Total phenolics from 368.8 to 2647.5 mg L-1, ethanol between 0.4 and 6.0% in 7 out of 23 examples, TMAB number 3x1013.2x106 cfu mL-1, LAB 1x102-3x105 cfu mL-1 in 16 out of 23 samples, yeast and mold count 1x101-2,3x104 cfu mL-1 in 18 out of 23 samples were found. According to the results obtained, coliforms and Escherichia coli were not found in the analyzed samples. Statistical analysis results revealed that differences between samples were significant (P≤0.01). Given its bioactive characteristics, hardaliye beverage should be produced at large-scale and be recognized by large communities.
Proteolysis in the Beyaz (White) Cheese Produced From Various Milk
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2018-06-01) Öner, Zübeyde; Sarıdağ, Mine; Ziraat Fakültesi
The aim of this study was to investigate proteolysis development and peptide changes during the storage period of Beyaz (White) cheese which is produced from various types of milk, such as sheep, goat and cow milk. Three types of cheese were produced using goat, sheep and cow milk, and all analyses were performed in duplicate. Proteolytic changes were observed in cheese on the 1st day, 3rd, 6th, and 9th month. The total protein was investigated through using water-soluble nitrogen, soluble nitrogen in 12% Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), soluble nitrogen in 5% Phosphotungstic acid (PTA), and free amino acids. Proteolytic changes and peptide formations were observed during maturation by HPLC. While the total protein was 14.33% in sheep Beyaz cheese on the 1st day, this value decreased during the maturation period and reduced to 6.9% in the 9th month. These values were 13.55 and 7.95 for cow cheese and 16.30% and 7.95% for goat cheese, respectively. The water-soluble protein value increased during the maturation period. The value was 1.41% in sheep cheese on the 1st day, and increased to 6.24% in the 9th month. These values were 2.16% and 4.92% for goat cheese, and 1.79% and 8.53% for cow cheese, respectively. 12% TCA soluble nitrogen had been 0.211% at the beginning and was 0.51% in the 9th month. The ripening value based on 12% TCA changed between 9.41%-47.22%. 5% PTA soluble nitrogen changed between 0.075%- 0.25 %. The ripening value based on 5% PTA changed between 3.34-23.14. Changes in concentration of total free amino acids during cheese ripening were tracked. In water soluble extracts of cheese, the presence of free amino groups in all ripening stages was detected. It is observed that amino acids and smaller peptides-have concentration significantly (P<0.05) increased during ripening. The total free amino acid was found as 0.24 mg lysine g-1 in sheep cheese, 0.215 mg lysine g-1 in goat cheese and 0.208 mg lysine g-1 in cow cheese at the end of ripening period.

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